The rising interest in industrial policy has revealed a desire to move beyond the neoliberal paradigm. Questions this panel considered: How have governments in the past attempted to restructure their economies and facilitate the emergence of new industries and new sectors? What policies have been used to nudge corporations into new frontiers despite market risks and in the face of international competition? What have been the prospects and pitfalls of these efforts? How have these policies most effectively combined inducements and penalties, subsidies and conditionalities, private and public initiatives and resources? How relevant might these models of “state-led” development be in the age of global flows and global supply chains? What are the political, social, political, and institutional preconditions for these policies to deliver prosperity, resilience, equality, and sustainability?

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